Prevalence and Effects of Bullying in Public Schools Essay

Prevalence and Effects of Bullying in Public Schools - Essay Example It has been neglected by both the educationists and other stakeholders. Without a conclusive database on its prevalence and effects, it's hard for the policy makers to draft measures on how to deal with it. This writer recognized the existence of this gap and will set out to try and fill it. The proposed research will look on the prevalence and effects of this vice in our school system. The researcher will be particularly interested on the causes, effects and prevention of bullying. He will involve key stakeholders like the teachers, school administration and the students themselves on this study. Booker (2005) defines bullying as the act of harming others deliberately. This can be achieved via verbal abuse or assaulting the victim physically. It can also take more subtle and not easy to see forms. These are like manipulation and coercion (Wellington, 2005). There are several types of bullying that take place in different setting and targets different people. School bullying is such one form. It takes place in an educational institution. It can occur either in or outside the institution. Bullying is not a one time affair. It is often carried out systematically over a long period of time (Wellington, 2004). The few studies that have been conducted on school bullying have brought out several factors. They have shown that it is prevalent and causes long term or short term effects to the victims. It is also true that the perpetrators have been found to be suffering from some emotional and psychological imbalance. It is important therefore to look at the prevalence and effects of this phenomenon deeply. This can only be done by conducting researches on its causes and how it can be prevented or mitigated. Problem Statement Kendall (2006) is of the opinion that problem statement section of a research proposal must have certain elements. It should clearly state the problem that the researcher is interested in. it should also put forward the variables that the researcher wants to study and how they are related to one another. This study will address the issue of school bullying in middle and high schools. The variables will be as follows: School bullying has far reaching effects to the victim and other people in the society Bullies do share some common traits School bullying does target some students than it does others School bullying can be stopped or mitigated Background to the Problem The writer here has to show the importance of the problem that he is embarking on. He has to show other people who have worked on the problem before (Kendall, 2006). The findings and methods used by these people have to be clearly elaborated. In 2001, the United States Center for Disease Control conducted one of the few studies that have been published on school bullying (booker, 2005). It found that at least fifteen percent of middle and high school students in America have been victims. The victims were found to have problems coping with the school environment and in learning. They suffered from psychological and emotional problems as a result of this. Boys are targeted more than girls (Wellington, 2004). This may be because of the reason that majority of the

Certificate of making good defects,c.d.m, latent defects

Certificate of making good defects,c.d.m, latent defects * Under 2005 The Certificate Of Practical J.C.T. Completion has far reaching effects upon the rights and obligations of all concerned within the contract these include the commencement of the defects liability period which usually lasts for 6 months. Possession of the site returns to the employer. The risk and damage to works, and third party liability transfers back to the employer. Retention is payable in part (50%). Arbitration may be sought if required. No further variation to works may be issued unless monies for works to be carried out are re-calculated and agreed. The limitation period begins. Application for the Certificate of completion may be made and within 14 days of receipt of application the relevant body must issue the said certificate of completion. * The Certificate of Making Good Defects is a certificate that is in relation to the completion of defects, imperfections, shrinkage and any other fault raised during the defect liability period. It is issued when in the opinion of the Architect and others the contractor has rectified and made good all defects and any other faults within time frame of the defect liability period of time allowed by the Architect/ Engineer and confirmed in writing. The date will be stated when the contractor completed said works. * The relevance of The Health and Safety file is such that it provides as much and relevant information as possible regarding all works carried out in the completion of the contract. It is inclusive of all method statements and risk assessments pertaining to the works. It shows any problems that may apply to the future of the development / structure etc .It minimises Any risk to operatives involved in any future works that may be carried out, Such as maintenance, renovation, demolition or repair. The file must be handed to the employer at the end of the contract. * LATENT DEFECTS The possible routes open for a client once a latent defect has been discovered is to invoke certain insurances already in place ,and certain conditions under J.c.t terms of contract * Collateral warranty. There are also some alternative routes * Latent defect insurance * N.H.B.C Insurance(Various) * NHBCs warranty and insurance cover, available for up to 12 years, covering over 80% of all UKs new build social housing developments. It is specifically designed to protect Housing Associations (HAs) and other Registered Social Landlords (RSLs) build projects including new build, conversions and renovations, multiple occupancy projects, foyer schemes, student accommodation and mixed-use sites. This comprehensive warranty provides extensive cover for contractor defect liability and insolvency for up to 2 years after completion. Building failures cover for latent defects significantly reducing the need for collateral warranties * Collateral Warranty J.C.T 2005 9.4 The client may wish the contractor to provide a collateral warranty under J.C.T 2005 9.4 Collateral warranties are contracts requiring the relevant parties to conclude a separate agreement. The promise by the Contractor is similar to the contract details at practical completion(Defect Liability). If the contractor does not comply with the employers notice he may be liable for a claim of damages for breach of main contract. However if a defect does not show until a much later date ,It requires the client to pursue for damages in the way of contractual entitlement. If there is no insurance against the failure to provide collateral damages the employer can consider amendments to the standard form of contract. Latent Defects insurance * Latent defect insurance is a long-term insurance cover .It includes new buildings against damage or the imminent threat of damage caused by defective design, workmanship and materials in the structure of the building. The structure of the building normally means the foundation, walls, floors, roof, other load-bearing elements, the waterproof envelope and if the building has a basement, its waterproofing element. * Cover is also available for loss of rent or revenuelost as a result of damage caused by a latent defect. Some insurers nowoffer Latent Defects insurance for projects retaining existing buildings and for existing buildings including some coverfor non-structural components

Maslows Theory of Human Motivation Essay example -- essays research p

In order to understand the human condition, one must first understand what it is that motivates humans. It follows that we must then look to the motivator, the brain. The human brain works in such a way as to satisfy a series of needs. Abraham H. Maslow’s theory of human motivation (1954) explains the sequence by which humans move through levels of concentration so as to best satisfy these needs. Maslow’s pyramid (1954), a five-tiered structure, represents a summary of this theory. Maslow (1954) postulates that in order for one to focus his/her attention on the ultimate goal at the apex of the pyramid, self-actualization, one must first fulfill the needs at the subordinate levels. At the lowest level of the chart are the physiological needs, followed by the need for safety, the belongingness and love needs, the esteem needs, and finally culminating in self-actualization. This paper will demonstrate how various brain mechanisms work to satisfy each echelon of needs, and fu rther, how as all lesser needs are met, the individual may refocus his/her concentration to ascend the hierarchy towards self-actualization. According to Maslow’s pyramid, the basest of human needs are physiological, in particular homeostasis and appetite. These necessities must be met before human consciousness can progress to the next level of concentration. Maslow’s theory gains support upon examining the breakdown of how the brain functions. Carter (1998) explains that the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei are largely responsible for controlling when one feels hungry. While the lateral nucleus is responsible for detecting declining blood glucose levels, the ventromedial senses rising glucose levels. Thus, the lateral nucleus signals hunger while the ventromedial signals fullness. These nuclei are therefore responsible for making sure that the human body has the proper amount of fuel and nutrients. While these functions are not controlled by the conscious mind, in cases of extreme hunger the need to sate one’s appetite becomes the primary motivator in one’s actions (Maslow 1954). When a human being’s concern lies at this level of the pyramid, it can be said that (s)he is concerned with more primal matters, as opposed to the higher tiers when man’s state of mind is focused on “higher thou... ...ch was the case with Vladimir Nabakov who claimed that different sounds, such as letters, each evoked disparate hues (Carter 1998). Realizing personal potential in people like Vladimir may include creating works of art representing their unique experiences, while people not born with this condition will self-actualize in other ways, such as business. The underlying theme is that each person has a distinctly different ability to help him/her move upwards through the social class system. Utilizing the anterior cingulate cortex and focusing on one’s specific talents, is the way in which the civilized brain achieves self-actualization. As can be seen, human needs as dictated by the brain follow a distinct pecking order. Although human wants and desires are fulfilled in far more complex manners than a simple level-to-level ascension, Maslow’s pyramid provides a clearer understanding of the basic processes by which the human brain discerns what the conciousness should be most occupied with. Further, once the brain focuses on the object of desire, it may work in such as way as to satisfy that desire and thus ensure that the human being is prosperous and well-adjusted.

Public Smoking Ban In The UK

Smoking is a major income to the government; it brings in about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 billion pounds annually. The government has proceeded to raise the tax rate of tobacco above the inflation rate from 1993 to the present day, this was implemented to help reduce consumption further. This policy has resulted that tax on tobacco in the UK is amongst the highest in the world and far ahead of any of those in other EU member states. For example the price of a typical pack of cigarettes in the UK is currently à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.54, whilst in Belgium the price is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.70 and in Latvia they retail at a mere 42p. The cost to the NHS of smoking related illnesses is generally not believed to outweigh the income the government makes out of tobacco sales. The government is being very hypocritical of themselves because a large amount of public money comes from the tax of cigarettes but at the same time the government is trying to stop people form smoking by banning people to smoke in public places and also with adverts on television urging people to stop smoking. There has been a lot of opposition to the smoking ban of which the arguments have been that the ban will be disastrous to small pubs that rely on smokers to keep their business afloat. Small pub landlords have said that they will loose vital trade from people who normally go out to the pub to have a smoke and a pint who now will stay at home instead and smoke and drink there. A knock on effect of the economic down turn is perceived to be a loss of jobs across the industry and rising pub prices as landlords would have no choice but to subsidise their loss of business by increasing prices. The closure of pubs would ultimately result in a lack of choice for the customer. People who are still against the ban argue alternative methods of how to reduce the health impact of passive smoking. The introduction of the use of ventilation is regarded by some as an adequate solution on its own. Some respondents are strongly of the opinion that ventilation removes all the harmful effects of smoking from the air. Designated smoking areas in public places are have previously been used before the smoking ban came into effect in various shopping malls, restaurants and clubs. People did not complain about these smoking areas, of which people who wanted to smoke could do so inside out of the way of other people who did not want to smoke. People against the smoking ban argue that separate designated smoking areas with good ventilation is a better alternative then banning smoking in public places altogether. The government doesn't want to stop there with banning smoking. They have almost banned the rights of people to smoke in their own car. The law now states that if the driver is smoking and does not have full control of the vehicle the driver can be prosecuted for smoking while driving. This is an extension of the current law which is that the driver must have full control of the vehicle at all times. What I do not understand is that why the government feels that they now have to have a separate law to cover smoking while driving, does that not also come under the law that states that the driver must have full control of the vehicle at all times? There have now also been talks that a law is trying to be passed to stop adults smoking in their own vehicle while a child is present, is this just saying to the nation that they cannot look after their own children? Ibi from Birmingham thinks that banning smoking is a way for the government to take all of our fun away. â€Å"This seems ok but doesnt anybody else worry about this being a slippery slope. First, no smoking in public places, then no smoking at all, then no drinking, no shouting, no laughing, no talking and no fun. And once this is all done they will find something else to ban. And im a non smoker.† Howard John Dell from Chelmsford agrees that the money made by the government from smokers is too high to ignore the rights of one of its biggest money makers. â€Å"I do not agree with a total ban on smoking. It is my right to smoke and the government make a considerable amount of money from my smoking through taxes which easily pays for any health cost tot he NHS.† Colin McEwan from Edinburgh agrees that the smoking ban could have bigger economic consequences than we think. â€Å"The Scottish government is drafting its own regulations regarding smoking and seems to be bent on a total ban. This, in my view is a step too far at this time. I work in Ireland where such a ban has, I believe, reduced pub sales substantially in some areas and has cost many jobs. I have no issue with the argument that people must not be subjected to passive smoking. But the alternatives, such as designated smoking areas with proper ventilation have not been properly considered. Sure it will be difficult to implement properly but the ‘Ban it everywhere' brigade does not seem to be interested in the logic †¦ only the principle.† The smoking ban seams to be supported by many more non-smokers than smokers. I think that because smokers are a minority here, the majority have won their case outright. There seams to be more suitable alternative methods than the banning of smoking in public places completely. I think that the banning of smoking in public places was a policy set up by the government to try and win the votes of the majority of people because people had lost faith in the current government because of the currently unsuccessful invasion of Iraq.

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II.   When the Great War that ended all wars resulted in the defeat of Japan, a new power arose in the Pan Asian area, the specter of USSR.   Stalin’s tight rein on the country and its quick and vicious rise to superpower status caused Americans to fear that the Soviet Empire would attempt to spread communism throughout the world.   Eastern Europe had already been engulfed and President Truman was weary of the possibility of the rest of Asia falling into the grasp of communism. Therefore in Korea, America made a stand for democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The United States called this policy â€Å"containment†, to contain the spread of communism because it attempts to encroach on America’s philosophy of democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The very policy of containment arose out of fear from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Soviet Union’s eventual plan is to dominate the politics of the Pan Asian Alliance and eventually threaten the rest of Europe. The Korean War rose out of these circumstances as a battle against communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Northern Korea threatened Southern Korea through a series of hostile attacks, and after the South Korean Army with help from the US decimated the Northern Alliance, China’s quick intercession quickly changed the tides of war.   Korea was not an isolated two nation battle; rather it represented a political ideological struggle between westernization and communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Ã‚  China wanted to exert its presence following its own communist revolution as chose Korea as the testing grounds for its new army operations.   When Korea was finally split in half after indecisive battles, its role in history was forever termed as the â€Å"Forgotten War†. Vietnam occurred under similar circumstances.   The Soviet Union’s powers were at its peak during this time, having proved that they were now a nuclear power; this is the first time that these two nations met indirectly (Moise, 130).   Vietnam became the first major war in the post nuclear weapons era and it was motivated by the continuance of the theory of containment. Although large amounts of troop activity was already taking place during the John F. Kennedy era, President Johnson’s term saw the escalation of troops and combat within the region.   The North Koreans were constantly supplied via underground shipments from the Soviet Union and China, thus the war did not seem like it would end (Moise, 130).   The conclusive withdraw of US troops during Nixon’s presidency represented the first major victory and breakthrough for the communists in Asia.   As a result, the specter of the Cold War continued to loom over the world. The Iraqi war placed the United States in a unique position.   Since September 11th, the war on terrorism is very much different from the war on communism in that there are no tangible enemies.   Following unsuccessful attacks on terrorism in Afghanistan, the target of Iraq represented President Bush’s strategy of First strike defense, or preemptive strike (Roberts, 23)   This theory contends that as Iraq has an obvious hatred of the United States and has shown in that past to have harbored and still harbors weapons of mass destruction. Destroying it before it could target the United States either through direct attack or through helping terrorist cells (Roberts, 23),. This philosophy is very much motivated by a number of policies, among them was the previous attack on Iraq in Operation Desert Storm which severely weakened Saddam Hussein’s military power in the region.   However, since there was no eminent threat to the United States, there was no international consortium as large as the ones during Korea and Vietnam (Roberts, 23). Therefore, the war on Iraq is viewed by many in the international community as illegitimate and unsanctioned.   As such the political pressures from around the world are very much negative.   Even in victory, the Iraqi war now seems to have bear consequences that has harmed the United State’s position in the world political circle.   The current negotiations with the United Nations to aid in the Iraqi effort has met with resistance as the world community repeatedly contends they will not help George Bush clean up the scene of his crime.   The political undercurrents of this war may turn negative much like the results of the Vietnam resolution (Roberts, 23). Ridgway, Matthew B. He Korean War. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1988. Moise, Edwin E. Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. North Carolina: UNC Press , 1996. Roberts, Paul. The End Of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World. Seattle: Mariner Books, 2005.

Problems of Juvenile Delinquency

Problems of Juvenile Delinquency Executive Summary The main aim of writing this paper is to carry out an examination of a juvenile delinquent in order to understand what pushes them into doing the act and applicable solutions which can be applied to correct the person. The behavior of the person will be compared to one of the theories used in explaining crimes. The next section will give a brief introduction of the person involved. The behavior of the person will be studied as well as the consequences which arise from his antisocial behavior. The papers will examine reasons as to why the person engages in crimes. This is because some people are pushed by circumstances to engage in criminal activities. In addition, the person’s relationship with their colleagues will be examined. Whether they engage in criminal activities alone or in company of other people is a matter of concern. How and when they carry out their operations, what are some of the antisocial behaviors which they engage in. In order to maintain privacy, the first name of the person am conducting the study on will be used. This will make it difficult for other people to identify him. In conclusion, I will discuss the effects that environment, family and community have on the individual and how they have contributed to their immoral behavior.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Problems of Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The act of engaging in crime for young people (juveniles) between a certain age limit usually ten to fifteen years is known as juvenile delinquency. However, the age limit varies from one state to another. Many countries throughout the world have well established legal procedures of dealing with youths who commit crimes. For instance, many countries have established youth detention centers in which rehabilitation programs are offered to help the youth change their behavior. It is in these courts that their cases are heard. The court system for the youths is different from that of adults. Many factors contribute to youths going against expectations of the society (Hagan, 2010). The effects of antisocial behavior among the youths are felt by individual people as well as the larger society. The society should therefore ensure that youths are brought up in the best way to avoid conflicts arising in the society. This can be achieved by ensuring that the society has well established rules and all people adhere to them. The media is very attentive in displaying crimes committed by youth’s. Morality levels and maintenance of law and order in a country is determined by the rate at which youths commit crimes. A high level of crime is an indication that immorality is high and law and order in the society is not maintained. Juvenile delinquency should be highly controlled because it would increase the rate of crimes in the future. This is because most of the adult criminals started their behavior during their early stages of life. Acts committed by juveniles are crimes when performed by adults. This paper will focus of factors that contribute to delinquency behavior among the youths (Wilson, Gottfredson Stickle, 2009). Introduction of the Person The study is carried out on the twenty six year old Alex. His parents travelled most of the time during his early childhood before finally settling in Texas after which they divorced. Edward his father a Latin American was a drunkard and emotional militant who believed in corporal punishment. His mother Anna a woman from Polland was non-tolerant to her children and led a depressed life.Advertising Looking for case study on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Anna was uneducated and she married at an early age. Alex introduced himself to the use of drugs at the age of 12 years. Alex is Brother to Raymond who was short dead at the age of 16 years. The death of Raymond affected Alex greatly. He resulted to beer taking, use of cocaine and acid among other activities in order to cope with the situation. After some period of continued use of drugs, he became addicted such that he could not do without drugs. Later on he joined a group of street gangs which engaged in criminal activities. Resulting Consequences Alex engaged in extremely dangerous activities. He spent most of time hanging along the streets with other gang members during the night instead of attending classes. Alex could not go on with his studies because of his antisocial behaviors in school. He became a threat to other pupils in his class. It came to the knowledge of teachers and his fellow pupils that he was responsible for most of the things which went missing in school. He stole books and writing materials from other children. He also ate other pupils packed lunch out of their knowledge. As if this was not enough, he was frequently involved in fights with other chi ldren and he was always found to be the cause of the conflict. School life became hard for him and he decided to drop out with the belief that he will obtain general education from outside (GED), (Millie, 2006). Life was as well difficult away from school. Alex was discharged from the United States Army the drug screening test. The process involves testing of the urine to determine whether the person consumes illegal drugs. His drug screening test turned positive. He returned home and joined a group of criminals who included people of his age and older people. They used to carry out criminal activities together. Some of the Alex’s criminal activities included alcohol and drug use, writing forged checks and theft. Alex became a drug trafficker. Drug trafficking is an illegal activity which many children engage in. It involves the act of buying and selling illegal drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroine among others and also consuming them. It is against the law to consume these drugs because they have adverse effects on the health of the user.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Problems of Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government therefore takes strict measures against people found in possession of these drugs or consuming them. Alex sold drugs to earn himself some money. With time, Alex became a drug addict. He could not do without drugs. Theft and robbery became normal activities with Alex. He stole minor things like clothes from people and sold them at a throw away price. In the company of his colleagues, they rob big shops, supermarkets and households where they stole goods of high value, caused injuries and deaths to the owners. Car hijacking, kidnapping and arms trafficking were common activities among the group. His actions resulted to various conflicts with law enforcement bodies and he sometimes served short terms in prison as punishment for his crue l activities. Alex was frequently arrested by the police and spent most of his time confined in correctional facilities. Alex was taken to correctional facilities so that he can change from his bad behavior. However, this did not solve his problem. Immediately after his release, he joined his group and proceeded with his criminal activities (Wood, 2004). Alex and his group walked around the streets during odd hours of the night. It was so unfortunate to come across such a group of criminals because anything bad could have happened. They robbed, fought and sometimes killed people. His continued use of drugs led to his admission in a health facility Centre. His mother had found him unconscious in the sitting room as a result of drug overdose after which she rushed him to the hospital. Alex woke up only to find himself in the hospital. Alex was diagnosed with Hepatitis C, Paranoia and Bipolar Disease. This time Alex realized his mistake but it was too late for him. His health is in dan ger. Anna is fed up with her sons actions and has thrown him out of the house. Alex is in trouble because he has nobody to support him, he has no skills of his own to earn himself a living and finally he has no believe in himself. Alex is helpless, low-self esteemed and hopeless in life. Even with continued application of rehabilitation measures, Alex has not managed to stop using drugs. He has chosen to continue taking drugs and classified himself under gypsies.Advertising Looking for case study on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to the above criminal activities, Alex engaged in irresponsible sexual behavior. Sometimes, he did it out of the influence of drugs. Cases of rape were high among the group. They raped the people they rob as well as the people they came into contact during the later hours of the day. Alex and his colleagues did not protect themselves while having sexual affairs. Because of this reason, most of them contracted sexually transmitted diseases sometime in their life and Martin were no exception. He severally contracted STDS and visited the doctor who treated him. However, it was unfortunate for him that he was later diagnosed with HIV and Aids disease. Alex is now hopeless in life. He has no one to take care of him. He needs special medical attention but he cannot afford the high costs (Martin, 2011). The difficulties that Alex is going through are as a result of his antisocial behavior. He is recently regretting why he joined bad companies, which prompted him into bad behavi or. If he could have been wise enough, he could have continued with his studies. Education is important as it is a gateway to quality living. Educated people secure good places in employment where they are well paid (Myers Farrell, 2008). Factors Contributing to Alex’s Antisocial Behavior According to Ryan, Marshall, Hertz and Hernandez (2008), the environment in which children are brought up determines their behavior in future. Parents should closely monitor the behavior of their children and correct them whenever they go wrong. It is therefore important for parents to ensure that they spend most of their time with their children. The responsibility of bringing up children lies on both parents. Lack of support and cooperation between the parents may affect the growth of the child. In many cases, men tend to neglect their responsibility of bringing up children. In addition to providing for their families, they should also help their spouse’s bring up children in the b est way. In the case of Alex, his father did not take part in bringing him up because he was raise under the care of his mother alone after their divorce. His antisocial behavior resulted from failure of his mother to take full control of his movements. The mother disliked the boy and discriminated against him. Parents are supposed to be role models to their children so that they can take after them. His father did not set a good example because he divorced his wife. Alex did not have a father to take after his steps. If the father could have been around, he could have helped mould the behavior of his son. Poor parenting is a major problem in his life. Parents should not show differences between their children while bringing them up. They should all be treated equally. Alex’s mother is an example of a bad parent who favors some children while neglecting others. Alex’s mother contributed to his antisocial behavior because he made the boy feel that he was less important. John his elder brother was more favored by his parents. Denying him some of his rights like education contributed to his antisocial behavior. John was also ridiculed in school because of the large size of his family. This made his life in school uncomfortable. High levels of poverty and lack of employment encouraged Alex to engage in criminal activities. Alex lacked the necessities like clothing and he did not have someone to turn to because his mother neglected him. His family was generally poor and his parents had a burden of caring for fourteen children. This means that children lacked some of the necessities. Alex might have joined criminal groups to acquire the things he lacked. Being young, he could not be employed to earn himself a living. He engaged in harmful activities like theft so that he can get money and satisfy his needs (Ryan, Marshall, Hertz Hernandez, 2008). The company that people keep determines the behavior of an individual. Studies have shown that keeping the company of bad people influences good character. Alex’s behavior became worse when he gained the membership to a criminal group. Due to influence from each other, he went ahead to take part in more serious crimes like shoplifting and car hijacking which he could not do initially. Another contributing factor towards Alex’s antisocial behavior is effects from the use of drugs. Studies have shown people tend to commit crimes under the influence of drugs. Mostly, drug users are violent and the likelihood of causing conflicts is high. For instance, there are rare incidences in which normal people commit rape cases. There are however many reported cases in which drug users rape even young children. Rape is an inhuman action whose punishment is severe. I suspect that Alex was driven by drug use to commit such crimes. (Ryan, Marshall, Hertz Hernandez, 2008). Alex’s parents contributed to his behavior because they did not take the necessary measures to comfort their so n after his brother Raymond passed away. They could have advised him on how to forgo his grief over his brother’s death instead of engaging in drugs. Domestic violence which contributed to separation of his parents may be a major contributing factor. Finally, disunity in the society in which Alex and his parents lived encouraged his criminal behavior. The responsibility of caring for the child is not entirely the work of their parents. Parents should correct children whenever they find them in wrong deeds regardless of whether they know their parents or not. This will create fear in children not to engage in crimes while away from their parents because they will be punished. Ignorance and lack of education greatly affected his life. Education teaches expected morals in the society which makes it possible for people to differentiate between the right and wrong. Education makes people understand the consequences of immoral behavior and keep a distance. If Alex could have comple ted his education in college, the basic knowledge acquired would have been of great help to him. His mother discouraged him by telling him that she could not afford school fees for colleges. This discouraged Alex from working hard in school (Wood, 2004). Criminological Theories Social control theories of crimes among the youths associate occurrence of crimes with breakdown, weaknesses and lack of unity in the society. Permissiveness and lack of cohesion in the society is a major contributing factor towards the high rate of crimes among the youths in many countries. They act as motivational theories inspiring the youths to avoid engaging in criminal activities which ruin their lives. Many youths engage in criminal activities as an immediate source of conflict resolution or gratification. Instead of looking for convenient means of solving problems, many youth resort to criminal activities. Travis Hirschi, the most prominent social theorist in the 20th century argues that people result to law breaking in order to solve conflicts and therefore, explaining antisocial behavior does not require any special motivation (Hagan, 2010). Alex’s behaviors can be explained by some of the criminological theories. An example is the broken window theory and social bond theory. The social bond theory was propagated by Travis Hirschi in 1969. The theory was later developed into a social control theory. Historically, social control theory is recognized as an efficient way of explaining and approaching problems arising in the society. According to Hirchi, social bond theory is composed of four main elements. They include family attachments, commitment to societal and institutional laws like employment and school institutions, participation in activities and strong belief in the importance of these elements. The theory has its basis in the general theory of crime. According to Hirschi, juvenile delinquents lack societal attachment. Adolescence is a critical stage that require s cooperation so that the society is represented to its maximum. Because of his behavior, Alex is completely detached from his society. He does not cooperate with students and teachers in schools because his actions go against the school laws. Instead of keeping the company of responsible people in the society, he engages in destructive activities. Alex does not commit his life to worthwhile activities. Instead of working hard in education to uplift his standards of living, he seems not to worry about it (Millie, 2006). As a result of lack of his cooperation with other members of the society, he has never been involved in the community’s activities. These include being a member of a religious organization, joining athletic clubs and engaging in community development projects like planting of trees. If Alex could have been a member of a religious group, his behavior could have been corrected. Religious institutions teach morally accepted behavior in the society. People are tau ght to live with each other peacefully as well as the importance of adhering to the laws of the society. Alex’s behavior could have been subjected to change if he joined a religious institution. Finally, Alex lacked the belief that he can keep up to the laws of the society. The social bond theory therefore explains his behavior (Young, Dembo Henderson, 2007). Dr. James Wilson and George Kelling are the proponents of the broken window theory. The theory is based on the assumption that a society that is not built on stronger laws has a high likelihood of producing many criminals. Based on conservative sociology, the main focus of the theory is maintenance of law and order in the society which leads to social cohesion. Wilson and Kelling argued that breakdown of neighborhoods; disorderliness and unfriendly atmosphere in the society contribute to crimes and delinquent behaviors. Children need support from their parents and other society members failure to which they will be temp ted to engage in crimes to satisfy their needs. For instance, if they lack food and nobody is willing to provide for them, they will be forced to steal. In addition, the theory is based on the assumption that societies which lack unity and mutual interest witness high rates of crime rates (Moore, 2011). Wilson and Kelling applied the example of a building whose windows are broken and unrepaired to explain the concept of their theory. The appearance of the house conveys some message to neighbors and passersby by that the owner of the house does not care. In the same way, if the society shows no interest in correcting people with irresponsible behavior, then the behavior will keep spreading further within the society. It is easy to correct a criminal in the initial stages of their evil deeds than later in life when it has already developed into a habit. The broken window is a metaphor referring to evil deeds in the society like drug use and abuse, theft, loitering in the streets, corr uption among other immoral deeds (Bender, 2010). Broken window theory best explains Alex’s antisocial behavior. The society in which Alex and his parents lived is not well integrated. If her mother had corrected him in the initial stages of his criminal behavior, it would have been easy for him to change. The teacher in the school he was schooling did not take full responsibility on the young boy. Schools and churches are considered to be institutions in which children are molded into respectable and responsible adults. The teacher should have monitored the behavior of Alex closely. Instead of putting him on frequent punishments, he should have studied him carefully to understand the reasons behind his immoral behavior. Since Alex stole from children because he lacked the necessities, this is a minor problem which I believe the school institution with the help of his parents could have solved. Criminals begin their activities with minor activities and then keep on advancing. If corrected before it becomes a habit, it’s easy for them to change (Hagan, 2010). According to Wilson, Gottfredson and Stickle (2009), the positivist school of thought argues that internal and external factors which are beyond human control are the main causes of crimes. Based on the sociological positivism, poverty, membership in groups, illiteracy, unemployment and other societal factors expose people to high risks of engaging in crime. Studies have shown that the above factors are the main contributing factors towards the high rate of crimes in the modern world. People are engaging in crimes in order to survive. A study carried out by Adolphe Quetelet to determine the relationship between crime and sociological factors showed that alcohol consumption, lack of education, poverty and gender are leading causes of crimes. Also the study showed that men engage in crimes more than women do. Population density is also related to crime rates. Crime rates are higher in densely po pulated areas than areas in which people are few. For instance, the rate of crime is higher in overcrowded cities and especially among slum dwellers. This is because the resources are not enough to cater for the large numbers of people. Many take up crimes as a means of survival. Social factors contributed to Alex’s irresponsible behavior (Gaik, Abdullah, Elias Uli, 2010). Parenting methods determine the behavior of the child. In addition to providing children with the basic necessities, parents should be role models to their children. Alex’s irresponsible behavior is as a result of poor parenting method. The father was no longer there to see to it that his child grew up well. The foundation of his behavior was weak because he was left in the hands of his mother alone. In addition, he did not receive full parental care. He lacked care and moral support from his father who was away. His family was functionless the reason behind his immoral behavior (Button et al, 2009) . The environment in which he grew up exposed him to engage in crime. In addition to the fact that his parents were poor, his mother discriminated against him. Poverty and discrimination prompted him to steal. Membership in criminal groups influenced his behavior to a great extend. Alex was also under the influence of peer pressure (Montgomery, Thompson Barczyk, 2011). Solution to his Behavior Alex is still young and he can still change from his destructive activities. Changing will be a difficult task but with determination he can succeed. One way is through joining rehabilitation centers in which he will be helped out on how to avoid some of his bad behaviors. Drug addicts find it hard to stop the habit because it has fully grown within them. Alex will however, be guided on how to do it. Avoiding the company of drug users and ensuring that he commits himself to beneficial activities is one of the solutions (Chabrol et al., 2009). Alex is still young to join educational institutio ns. He can join technical institutions in which he will gain skills and knowledge in various fields. Examples of such courses include carpentry, masonery and engineering works. With the knowledge and skills acquired, he will earn himself a living in a better way. Religious institutions may be of great help to him. Churches teach morals and expected behavior in the society. The teachings of the Bible, the Koran and other holy books encourage people to abide by the societal laws and avoid all kinds of vices. People are taught to love each other in the society, cherish and be cooperative in all activities. Being a committed member in a particular religious group would be of great help to him. Finally, Alex should seek for guidance and counseling services. He will be encouraged not to loose hope in life, and the necessary measure which he should take to improve the quality of his life. Alex should seek for medical assistance from a health institution where he will get advice on how to d eal with his condition (Chanrol et al., 2009). Societal and Government Measures Applications of the following measures help in reducing crimes arising amongst the youths. The government should ensure that they have well established rehabilitation facilities where youths will be helped to correct their behavior. Detention should come as the last option after education has offered no assistance. Literacy programs should be channeled to the youths. Education will equip them with knowledge and skills required to acquire jobs. Getting means of living will discourage theft and other related crimes. Strict rules governing the use of drugs should be put in place. The society should set laws against drug users and other crimes like rape and clearly specify the punishment for such victims. This will create fear among the youths (Galk et al., 2010). Guidance and counseling should be offered to youths to enlighten them on the expected behavior. Knowing the effects of irresponsible sexual behavi or, youths will avoid premarital sex. Rape cases and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases will be minimized. Finally, youths should not be allowed to view violent films in television because this will affect their behavior. The society should put into considerations orphans and children from poor families when allocating government resources. The government should ensure that such children are funded in academics. This is mainly because children from poor families drop out of school due to lack of school fees. Providing support to orphans and the poor is a limiting measure of crime rates (Doherty, Green Ensminger, 2008). Conclusion Increased rate of crime among the youth is a major problem facing many countries all over the world. The rate of illiteracy levels among the youths is high because most of them engage in crimes and drop out of schools at an early age. Due to lack of employment, they continue with their destructive activities throughout their adult life. The societ y should therefore be keen in addressing the issue of crimes among the youths because they are the future leaders. Failure to control them will lead to corrupt and destructive societies in future. It is a must for conflicts to take place in communities. This is mainly because a society accommodates people from different cultural backgrounds brought up in different ways. Since people are not the same, then problems will always occur. The most important thing is therefore how to manage problems arising in the society. In conclusion, society should be concerned about the best ways to apply to minimize antisocial behavior among youths in all communities. Education programs should be offered to the youths so that they can be in a position to make sound decisions of what best fits them. The graph shows the results of a study carried out in the United States of America in a population of 1,000 youths to determine the rate of crimes in the period between 1995 to 2007 (National Centre for Ed ucation Statistics U.S., 2009, p.1). Source: National Centre for Education Statistics U.S., 2009, p.1 References Bender, K. (2010). Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders? A call for further investigation and adaptation of youth services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 466-473. Button, T. et al. (2009). Perceived peer delinquency and the genetic predisposition of substance dependence vulnerability. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 100, 1-8. Chabrol, H., Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R. Sà ©journà ©, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 734-739. Doherty, E., Green, K. Ensminger, M. (2008). Investigating the long-term influence of adolescent delinquency on drug use initiation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 72-84. Gaik, P., Abdullah, M., Elias, H. Uli, J. (2010). Development of Antisocial Behavior. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sc iences, 7, 383-388. Hagan, E. (2010). Introduction to criminology: Theories, methods, and criminal behavior. New York: SAGE. Martin, M. E. (2011). Introduction to human services: Through the eyes of practice setting. 2 Edn. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Millie, A. (2006). Anti-social behaviour: Concerns of minority and marginalized Londoners. Internet Journal of Criminology, 1, 1-20. Montgomery, K., Thompson, S. Barczyk, A. (2011). Individual and relationship factors associated with delinquency among throwaway adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1127-1133. Moore, S. (2011). Understanding and managing anti-social behavior on public transport through value change: The considerate travel campaign. Transport Policy, 18, 53-59. Myers, D. Farrell, A. (2008). Reclaiming lost opportunities: Applying public health models in juvenile justice. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1159-1177. National Centre for Education Statistics U.S. (2009). National statistics: Serious violent crime rate in the U.S schools. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey, 1995-2007. Ryan, J., Marshall, J., Herz, D. Hernandez, P. (2008). Juvenile delinquency in child welfare: Investigating group home effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1088-1099. Wilson, D., Gottfredson, D. Stickle, W. (2009). Gender differences in effects of teen courts on delinquency: A theory-guided evaluation. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 21–27. Wood, M. (2004). Perceptions and experience of antisocial behavior: Findings from the 2003/4 British Crime Survey, Home Office Online Report 49/04, London: Home Office. Young, D., Dembo, R. Henderson, C. (2007). A national survey of substance abuse treatment for juvenile offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32, 255-266.

20 Topics on African American Literature for Literary Analysis

20 Topics on African American Literature for Literary Analysis If you are tasked with conducting a literary analysis on African American literature, you may need a topic to help you get things started. This type of writing is the one which may require you to focus on a single piece of literature or a single African American author. In any case, you can turn your gaze a few of the topics below to help guide you in selecting yours: Contemporary Themes and Issues in Literature Written by an Author of Your Choosing The Effectiveness of a Biography in Retelling the Major Lifetime Events for a Person of Your Choosing How Stories by an African American Author of Your Choosing Analyze Aspects of Society How History is Taught in Literature Written by an African American Author of Your Choosing The Links between Themes of an Autobiography and the Literature Written by an African American Author of Your Choosing The Way an African American Author of Your Choosing Uses Sequence to Communicate Emotions How an Author of Your Choosing Uses Locations and Sensory Details in Their Work The Impact of Gestures and Movements in Portraying a Scene The Use of Interior Monologues by an African American Author of Your Choosing to Depict Feelings Changing Pace to Accommodate Changes in Mood/Time by an Author of Your Choosing Atmospheric and Descriptive Details to Convey Scenes by an African American Author of Your Choosing How an African American Author of Your Choosing Uses Shifting Perspectives to Portray Historical Events How an Author of Your Choosing Uses Descriptions of Appearance to Convey Social Inequalities The Impact of Responsive Writing in Literature by an Author of Your Choosing How Student Comprehensive Results from an African American Author Success in Conveying a Point How Works by African American Authors Relate to One Another in Different Periods How Contemporary Society Influences African American Writers in Specific Genres The Influence of Archetypal Models in Writings by an Author of Your Choosing Political versus Religious Influences of Historical Periods Which Shaped Plots Toni Morrison’s Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech and Ethos Sample Literary Analysis: Toni Morrison’s Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech and Ethos Achebe’s Language and the Destiny of Man, as well as Tony Morrison’s Nobel Prize acceptance speech both appeal to emotions and reason. Achebe’s piece appeals more strongly to reason, and every so often to emotion, while Morrison’s appeals primarily to emotion with a bit of reason interlaced. In Language and the Destiny of Man, the author speaks about the relationship that goes between language and society. He explores how human society would not exist were it not for speech. Achebe speaks of the fact that humans overlook how precious language is, and what a gift it is. It is argued that people forget it because language is something learned now from birth, so that it becomes something very natural with age and development. People do not question the origins of languages or how things might have been prior to language, something which is not intrinsic to humans. Achebe claims that violence would escalate severely were it not for language. This level of violence would be so severe that it would lead to human extinction. The author provided the example of two cavemen, one who walks into a cave at night seeking shelter, only to find that another caveman already dwells inside the cave. Because they are unable to communicate, the first man throws a rock at the head of the second to inform him of his presence. But this incident is one which would provoke a violent retaliation, and then a retaliation for that, something which would inevitably result in a great deal of violence. This is an example of pathos, an emotional appeal to the halting of violence, the identification of language as a mean of combatting it at least in some situations. It is quite successful in gaining the attention of the audience and causing people to reflect upon the aforementioned origin of language that to date had gone overlooked by many. Verbal communication still plays a role in disagreements and it lacks the power to abolish all violence, and today, it can be used for something far beyond its intent, something malicious and abusive. This is another successful argument, one that draws attention to how leaders, individuals, and groups can abuse others through language, and that each person must take it upon themselves to be cognizant of this potential and to work toward using words for good. The author stresses the importance of language and the ability to communicate with one another. Historically, a speaker has been able to use language to effectively communicate with others and to gain respect from fellow humans. This holds true even today. People who are able to effectively communicate with their audience, and to persuade their audience, can become leaders. The ability to communicate effectively and exploit all that language has to offer is what draws respect from others and what provides the opportunity for increased success in life. The speech presented by Tony Morrison as she accepted her Nobel Prize was one full of repetition, alliteration, juxtaposition, and idioms intended to appeal to the emotions of the audience. The emphasis was that words can serve as weapons used by the strong against weak but that if they are treated with respect, this will not be commonplace. Morrison conveyed how important it was for society to be considerate and respectful of language. She initially used ethos by differentiating herself as the speaker, not the character, in an attempt to establish her credibility, while simultaneously choosing language that was appropriate for her audience in a successful manner. In her speech she used the first person singular in phrases such as â€Å"the version I know† by which she separates herself as one single storyteller among many, creating distance between herself and the nature of her story.   She incorporates second person when she says â€Å"I don’t know†¦ it is in your hands†¦ it is your responsibility†. The use of â€Å"you† here refers directly to both Morrison’s critics and the younger people contained within her story. As she continues with her discourse, the term â€Å"you† is also applied to the world as a whole, wherein all of the people in the world are held responsible for language and keeping it alive.   She also incorporates third person in phrases such as â€Å"the blind woman† or â€Å"the old woman†, meaning to separate herself from the characters in her tale and solidify the role she plays as the storyteller. â€Å"They† is used once, as a slip into idioma tic speech, wherein she refers to younger people from the city who disapprove of Morrison and are â€Å"showing her up for the fraud they believe she is†. This part of the speech reveals a bit of hostility and takes on an accusatory tone, while still maintaining pathos and ethos. Overall she molds rhetorical devices and utilizes point of view to inspire a love of language. While the rhetorical devices used were persuasive, it was the collective use of rhetorical devices and presentation that Tony Morrison displayed which appealed to emotions or reason on a more profound manner. References: Gery, John, and Aldon Lynn Nielsen. Black Chant: Languages Of African-American Postmodernism. American Literature  70.4 (1998): 915. Web. Gilyard, Keith, and Anissa Janine Wardi.  African American Literature. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. Print. Povey, John F. African Literature And American Universities.  African Studies Bulletin  9.2 (1966): 13. Web. Scruggs, Charles, and Madelyn Jablon. Black Metafiction: Self-Consciousness In African American Literature.  American Literature  70.1 (1998): 201. Web. Selisker, Scott. What Was African American Literature?.  African American Review  44.4 (2011): 717-719. Web. Smith, Valerie, Lea Baechler, and A. Walton Litz.  African American Writers. New York: C. Scribners Sons, 1991. Print. Warren, Kenneth W.  What Was African American Literature?. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011. Print.

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned This article is a kind of sample argumentative essay on the topic Smoking in Public Places Should be Banned Ban the Smoking: It’s Bad for Everyone Second-Hand Smoking Now that America is no longer dependent on tobacco production as a means to sustain its economy, the industry and culture surrounding it should be heavily controlled. Now that fewer people are smoking cigarettes, because of the well-documented health concerns related to its use, more cities and districts are cracking down on smoking in public places – and rightfully so. Smoking in public places should not only be banned, it should come with heavy penalties, such as outlandish fines, criminal charges and, if possible, public beatings. Due to the health problems associated with smoking cigarettes, due to smoking being a fire hazard and offensive to non-smokers, smoking in public places should never go under the radar. It should be banned on a national scale. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes in public places should be banned because it’s offensive to the non-smokers who have to endure the smoke, the butts, the mess and the smell. Consider the typical public place – a market door entrance, a park bench, an elevator. People come to these places for peace and quiet, for necessity, to get to work, so they should not be required to breathe another person’s poisonous tobacco fumes. Everyone knows that second-hand smoke is just as, if not more, dangerous than directly inhaling the smoke. Why should a health-conscious, everyday person have to be penalized for another’s bad decision? It just isn’t right – so smoking in public places should be banned altogether. It’s also disgusting to smell cigarette smoke – even worse when it’s on your clothes. The American government has yet to criminalize the use of all tobacco products, mostly because of billion-dollar companies like Phillip Mor ris, out of Richmond, Virginia, pays millions of dollars in taxes annually. But cigarettes are killing everyday Americans, costing them too much in the long run. They should certainly be banned everywhere, not just in public places. More articles to read:  Junk Food in School  |  Why Are You Not in Class and out There Bleeding? Smoking Is Not Fashionable Anymore! Let’s ban smoking in public places because it gives young, impressionable adolescents the wrong idea. They see it and think it’s a normal, healthy, cool adult thing to do – something they perhaps feel they’re supposed to do it as adults, maybe even as teens. This is bad because they do not possess the foresight and self-preservation experience to avoid doing things that could one day kill them. By banning smoking in public places, fewer people will be seen smoking and, subsequently, outcast from society. It will be the thing that those people do; they will have to hide it. This is good because this mentality will condition smokers to perhaps give up smoking, a good deterrent for sure because the same social and peer pressure that may have encouraged them to begin smoking has gone the other way. Banning smoking in public places is a wonderful idea and should be taken up by every single jurisdiction, municipality, city, hole-in-the-wall town and county in th e country. In addition to smoking raising health concerns, banning public smoking altogether, including indoors, would surely cut down on fires – both in buildings and possibly in nature, as well. Just picture a waiter with five minutes for a smoke standing just outside a restaurant’s kitchen in a rush to fill their nicotine cravings. The headwaiter calls their name and they flick the cancer stick away – it’s not their problem, right? But it’s windy that night and the cigarette rolls into the nearby trash. And, bam – a fire has begun. People could die. How about banning smoking anywhere a fire could start, any place that could endanger others? This would cut down immensely on building fires. Innocent people wouldn’t have to die in fires, and their beloved possessions would not be destroyed. Banning public smoking benefits everyone, including the smoker. Let’s conclude this argument by going a step further. If we can already see how banning public smoking would benefit our citizens – protecting their health, peace of mind, homes and possessions – why stop there? Let’s ban smoking tobacco products altogether! Let’s rid our wonderful society of this evil poison, this killer of people, this addictive substance with no health value whatsoever. Let’s make cigarettes so expensive to buy that few can afford them, and so hard to find that they may as well be sold on the black market. This should apply to those vaporized smoking apparatuses, too. They are said to be a healthier alternative to smoking filter tobacco products, but they are just offensive to be around.

Gasoline Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gasoline Economics - Essay Example According to the above diagram, the positive in demand curve from D1 to D2 will result in increasing in price (P) and quantity (Q) of the gasoline. As a result the supply curve will shift to the right from S1 to S2. Equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, thus there's no surplus of goods and no shortage of goods. Initially, E1 is the equilibrium point and due to the increase in demand, equilibrium shows at E2. However after the demand increase supply will decrease and equilibrium point shows at E3. According to the above diagram, the positive in demand curve from D1 to D2 will result in increasing in price (P) and quantity (Q) of the gasoline. As a result the supply curve will shift to the right from S1 to S2. Equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, thus there's no surplus of goods and no shortage of goods. Initially, E1 is the equilibrium point and due to the increase in demand, equilibrium shows at E2. However after the demand increase supply will decrease and equilibrium point shows at E3. Figure 1: Demand for and Supply of gasoline According to the above diagram, the positive shift in demand curve from D1 to D2 will result in an increase in price (P) and quantity (Q) of the gasoline. As a result the supply curve Source: Review of Economics and Statistics, 57(4), 502-07 According to the above diagram, the positive in demand curve from D1 to D2 will result in increasing in price (P) and quantity (Q) of the gasoline. As a result the supply curve will shift to the right from S1 to S2. Equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, thus there's no surplus of goods and no shortage of goods. Initially, E1 is the equilibrium point and due to the increase in demand, equilibrium shows at E2. However after the demand increase supply will decrease and equilibrium point shows at E3.Suppliers adopt their own strategies in order to meet contingency demand by consumers. As a result suppliers tend to change their strategy according to the shifts in demand (Comnor, & Jon, 2001). Assuming a greater degree of pressure on supplier networks coming from greater market demand, suppliers would up their stake in the ultimate outcomes of the corporate strategy and business policy. This is the inevitable result of growing power of big Gasol ine organizations becoming more and more independent on to expand business. (B) Consumer demand and behavior - related to GasolineConsumers are very important for the business organization in determining its corporate strategy. For example customers can either make or break a business organization on the basis of demand. The business organization depends on customers' perceptive behavior to such an extent that the former has very little freedom in deciding the corporate strategy and production policy in any other possible way. The Gasoline prices have a big impact on consumer behavior. Thus consumers are not very responsive with their demand related to changes in the gasoline prices. As a result of rising gasoline prices consumers have been forced to cut down on their other needs and wants needed for their day today life. It also reduces savings and real income growth and other forms of consumption such as entertainment, eating out, electronic items, and vacations. Thus that the percentage of income set apart for gas and oil is inversely proportional to inco me. That is the less a person earns the higher the percentage set apart for

Physica Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Physica - Research Paper Example As the car moves at a speed, the objects inside will also move at the same speed. When the car stops suddenly the objects inside the car will continue to move forward unless it is stopped by some object like seat belt. The physics principle behind this process is inertia. Inertia is explained by Isaac Newton in his first law of physics. Inertia is the idea that moving objects will continue to do so unless an external force is applied to stop it. Inertia is one of the basic principles of physics that has innumerable applications. Principles of inertia are applied in several fields where speed, motion and direction are crucial factors. Knowing the basic idea of inertia helps us understand the way objects move in the universe. Inertia is therefore important in the development of various products. The interesting principle of inertia touches almost every aspects of our daily life. Appliances like refrigerator, air conditioners and heat pumps function on the second law of thermodynamics. Heat energy spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cold body. In order to make heat flow from cold body to hot body work must be done. A process, a cycle is continuously happening in a refrigerator. A liquid refrigerant substance is getting vaporized in the cooling coils. Heat in the surroundings is absorbed by this fluid. The fluid gets vaporized and this cools the fridge. The same principle is applicable in heat pumps and air conditioners. Pressure cooker which is used in our kitchen works on a physics principle. Vaporization principle is the secret behind pressure cooker. Pressure gets formed inside the cooker as the water boils. Boiled water produces steam which makes the temperature rise. The pressure and the high temperature inside the cooker make the food cooked. The high pressure and temperature reduces the cooking time. The pressure of the steam aggravates the gas pressure above the water. Boiling point is easily achieved by increase in pressure. Pressure cooker works on this principle. Devices like radio and telephone convert acoustic energy into electrical energy and electrical energy back to acoustic energy. Wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic waves are received by television and it is converted into light energy and acoustic energy. This is the principle behind the working of television. Toothpaste we use in every life is an example of the application of a physics principle. Applyig pressure on any part of the toothpaste tube makes the paste come out through the outlet. Pascal a Frenchman found out that if pressure is applied to any area of a confined fluid, pressure would get transmitted to all other parts with no loss. The applied pressure would put equal force on all parts of the confined walls. The force also comes perpendicular to the walls. If we put a hole in the toothpaste tube and push at any part of the tube, paste would come out through the hole. The force gets transmitted from one place to another through the liquid, which is the toothpaste. The same principle is used in hydraulic machines. Bicycles we use in daily life works on a physics principle. The prominent force that helps a bicycle to balance is centripetal force. A bicycle has two wheels kept in straight alignment. For a beginner it would be difficult to balance a bicycle. However, certain physics principles makes bicycle ride possible. When a revolving wheel rotates around a central axis in a single direction the wheel is prompted to continue moving in the

RACIAL PROFILING Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RACIAL PROFILING - Annotated Bibliography Example The waiver allowed for national security on USA soil contradicts the earlier statements a bit. Annotated bibliography Fact Sheet,. "Fact Sheet Racial Profiling." Department of Justice (2003): n. pag. Web. 14 Mar 2011. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2003/June/racial_profiling_fact_sheet.pdf This report specifically addresses the collected information surrounding racial profiling in the United States Justice System, it was published in 2003. The report begins with two separate quotes one from then President of the United States, George W. Bush which briefly states that racial profiling is wrong and will be ended. The second quote comes from then Attorney General John Ashcroft and states that he is also opposed to racial profiling and that more has been done in the current administration (circa 2001) than has ever been done before in history regarding this. The article itself is laid out with three headings that separate the various sections.

Critically analyse the fall of mankind in Genesis 3 and God's response Essay

Critically analyse the fall of mankind in Genesis 3 and God's response to it - Essay Example Exegesis of Genesis 3: 1-24 This book begins with the temptation of mankind via Satan slandering God to Eve through angelic disguise. The snake was a creature created by God, but it was a sneaker creature as compared to the other animals created. Satan chooses to use the serpent as it had a crafty character (genesis 3:1). The Devil in dwelt the snake and it is his tone of voice that was heard by Eve. The serpent began a conversation with Eve in relation to God’s prohibition to the tree in the center of the Garden of Eden (Westbow Press 2013: 127). The expression used by the serpent to Eve was very meticulous; it was a rhetorical question. The woman replied by saying that they were allowed all other fruits except the one in the middle of the garden. The serpent brushes this aside to concentrate in on God’s ruling out of the tree of understanding of good and wickedness (Kvam 1999 et al: 431). This term, â€Å"or you will die† is used three times in verses 3 and 4. It is unclear what Eve comprehended concerning the demise for none of the animals created had passed away. This term may have been communicated by God to the man and woman (Williams 2010: 17). According to the Bible, there are three types of demise: the spiritual death which transpires in Genesis 3, the physical death which outcomes (Genesis 5), and the eternal death as an outcome of man’s bolshie, defiant heart (Revelation 2:11). Genesis 3: 4-5 reveals how Satan assaulted God’s authenticity as well as the genuineness of God’s word; this was evident from Satan’s denial of God’s statement. There was limited truth in the words uttered by Satan, consumption of the fruit could not make man reason or â€Å"be like God†. The offer given to Eve was too intoxicating. Eve was tempted in three stages: first: she saw that the tree was good for food, second: that it was pleasant to the eyes, and thirdly: that it was desirable to make one wise. This reve als the threefold development of temptation to the actual act of sin. Eve later on acted towards Adam in the same manner that the serpent acted towards her. According to the book written by Milton, Paradise Lost, Adam ate the fruit so that he would not be separated from Eve (Milton & Stallard 2011: 38). Immediately after the consumption, they knew they were naked and sewed leaves together to cover their nakedness (Genesis 3:7). The opening of their eyes was not a substantial opening of the eyes but the realization of their nakedness and loss of the glory they had enjoyed. In the conversation that proceeds, God does not come to Adam to rebuke him or exile him from Paradise, but to bring him to his senses. God asked a rhetorical question â€Å"Where are you† so that Adam and Eve could realize what they had done. According to Clark Pennock, (2002) The Most Moved Mover, this rhetorical question is used to develop an aspect in God’s character known as â€Å"Open Theismâ₠¬ . Adam did not answer with remorse, but with self-justification, thereby bringing punishment upon himself. Adam blamed the woman, and even God Himself forgetting that he was responsible for his own actions. This is in line with Flip Wilson’s theology; â€Å"The Devil made me do it!† is no more of a justification than â€Å"Cultural atmosphere forced me to do it† or â€Å"Genetic factors prompted me to do it,†

Compensation (Human Resources) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Compensation (Human Resources) - Essay Example Incentive plans normally endow with compensation foundation on a formula, on accomplishment of concert objectives, on an unrestricted decision, or an amalgamation of these. An organization internally could be measured adjacent to the individual performance. These plans consist of stock-based strategy, which put forward stock options based on stock performance or finance policy, which suggest cash booty joined to congregate objectives. These plans recompense performance with the time period of 2 to 5 years. The key similarity among the Apple Inc and the Microsoft is in the efficient potential by both the company sales. Good sales incentives are provided to the employees in both the organization and the bonus provided by both the companies are depended on the profitability of the company. The company insists in the working hours for making it a success in the market. The differences in the company are in terms of the payment structure. The basic payment provided by Microsoft are high compared to that of apple inc† Microsoft is reportedly trying to hire away Apples retail employees by bribing them with... wait for it, better wages. People that have spoken to The Loop on condition of anonymity confirm that Microsoft has contacted a number of Apples retail store managers to work in their stores. In addition to "significant raises," the managers have also been offered moving expenses in some cases.† (Microsoft reportedly poaching apple retail staff, 2009). The dissimilarity in the strategies of the companies occurs due to certain reasons. The main idea in the planning of the strategy is based on the efficiency in the company’s operations, productivity and profitability. Various reasons are there in expecting the positive relationship in the organization. The level of the executive employees also plays a vital role in the organization size and the positioning of the strategy. The different contingency approaches

Who should be responsible for the Japan explosive hydrogen gas Essay

Who should be responsible for the Japan explosive hydrogen gas - Essay Example In addition to tragic loss of life, infrastructure, and crops, the impact of the subsequent disasters still persist with Japan’s oil refineries and nuclear power plants. This paper will examine the impacts of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the country’s nuclear plants with regard to the nation’s nuclear power policies and political environment. Impacts on nuclear plants As a result of the high magnitude earthquake, Japan’s nuclear power plants including Fukushima I, Fukushima II, Tokai nuclear power stations, and Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant containing eleven reactors were automatically shut down. The diesel backup power systems of the Fukushima I and II nuclear power plants were destroyed when the Tsunami waves overtopped seawalls (Lijaz). It led to other severe issues including radioactive leakage and three large explosions at Fukushima I. In order to save people from dreadful effects, the government evacuated more than 200,000 people from the region. The April 7 aftershock greatly added to the crises as it hampered the external power supply to Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant (Lijaz). Three of four external power lines to Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant were destroyed and it led to the damage of cooling function for 80 minutes. In addition, a couple liters of radioactive water leaked at Onagawa. Gunther Oettinger, the Europe’s energy commissioner stated that the nuclear disaster was an ‘apocalypse’. Nuclear experts unanimously opine that Fukushima I is the ever worst and complicated nuclear disaster. As Lijaz reports in Jago News, the disaster damaged the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant; hence the radiation level inside the plant rose up to 1,000 time normal levels. In addition, scientists stated that the radiation level outside the plant was up to 8 times normal levels (Jago News). The condition of Fukushima II was also not satisfactory; hence, the disaster p roduced 6 problematic reactors in the country. Scientists detected radioactive iodine in the tap water in Fukushima, Toshigi, Chiba, Tokyo, Saitama, and Niigata whereas radioactive cesium was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi, and Gunma; it was one of the most dreadful implications of the Great East Japan Earthquake. As per reports, the disaster caused failure in electricity supply and hence 4.4 million people were left without electricity in northeastern Japan. The severity of the catastrophe stopped operation of several nuclear and conventional power plants which in turn reduced TEPCO’s total capacity by 21 GW. As a result, the country was forced to declare rolling blackouts on 14th March. The Tokyo Electric Power Company announced that it could not provide more than 30 GW; it normally used to supply 40 GW of electricity. Presently, the TEP cannot supply additional power to the Kanto region since the power plants of the TEP were also damaged in the earthquake. In order to alleviate the electricity shortage in the country, most of the industrial concerns have trimmed down their power usage. Followed by the Tsunami and major earthquake, hydrogen explosions occurred at some of the reactors and that increased the dreadfulness of the situation. The high power of the explosion damaged a number of buildings around the reactor. The nuclear scientists identified that the zirconium from disintegrating fuel rods reacted with steam in the absence of cooling water and this process resulted in the emission of hydrogen. As a result of vehement efforts taken by engineers and other workers, the reactors could be

Compensation (Human Resources) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Compensation (Human Resources) - Essay Example Incentive plans normally endow with compensation foundation on a formula, on accomplishment of concert objectives, on an unrestricted decision, or an amalgamation of these. An organization internally could be measured adjacent to the individual performance. These plans consist of stock-based strategy, which put forward stock options based on stock performance or finance policy, which suggest cash booty joined to congregate objectives. These plans recompense performance with the time period of 2 to 5 years. The key similarity among the Apple Inc and the Microsoft is in the efficient potential by both the company sales. Good sales incentives are provided to the employees in both the organization and the bonus provided by both the companies are depended on the profitability of the company. The company insists in the working hours for making it a success in the market. The differences in the company are in terms of the payment structure. The basic payment provided by Microsoft are high compared to that of apple inc† Microsoft is reportedly trying to hire away Apples retail employees by bribing them with... wait for it, better wages. People that have spoken to The Loop on condition of anonymity confirm that Microsoft has contacted a number of Apples retail store managers to work in their stores. In addition to "significant raises," the managers have also been offered moving expenses in some cases.† (Microsoft reportedly poaching apple retail staff, 2009). The dissimilarity in the strategies of the companies occurs due to certain reasons. The main idea in the planning of the strategy is based on the efficiency in the company’s operations, productivity and profitability. Various reasons are there in expecting the positive relationship in the organization. The level of the executive employees also plays a vital role in the organization size and the positioning of the strategy. The different contingency approaches

Family Business Succession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family Business Succession - Research Paper Example Family business succession has become one of the critical issues in the modern family organizations. This is more so in terms of leadership and the management of the firms. In most cases, conflicts arise among the stakeholders on who is supposed to take the leadership in case the leadership positions remain vacant due to various causes. It can also lead to intergenerational conflicts which can also be very critical the existence of an organization. This may affect the overall performance and to some extent the existence of an organization. There are various factors that determine the succession of business from one family member to another. It is important to note that there is a significant difference between intra-family succession and transitions between family and non-family members (Handler 298). As already noted, family business represents the largest fraction of the global economy. Therefore, they are essential to the well being of the global economy. Poor succession in family businesses can therefore adversely affect the performance of an organization. Many countries like Europe have come up with various measures to make enterprises aware of the importance of having a thorough planning of the succession process in a timely fashion. This is in an effort to rescue family organizations from falling. ... It is important to note that children will not be automatically willing to be part of the family business. In some cases, children who have grown up in a business may become bored and therefore may not be willing to be successors (ABC Business Consulting par 7). This is one of the reason why there is a need to have a next generation preparation on order to promote the performance of an organization. They may also take the business without seriousness, the fact that may dip an organization to failure. In order to come up with a top performing generation in a family business, it is necessary to have the young members of the family do simple tasks within the business on part time basis. This will provide them with insights to the business. It will also help the young generation to understand the business from the bottom up and also gaining a strong work ethic (Lansberg 76). Early age involvement in business activities will also encourage the young generation to pursue higher education i n order to take leadership positions in the future. In preparation for the future generation, it is also necessary to take a family member to work in an outside organization. This will help in broadening training and background. By working in the family business and later working in an outside organization, a family member will be satisfactorily justified to take leadership positions in a family business upon coming back. There are several factors that must be taken into consideration when preparing for the future generation to join a family business. To begin with, it is highly recommended to have a family member work for another organization before being given a

Strategic Management Of Starbucks Marketing Essay

Strategic Management Of Starbucks Marketing Essay The aim of this project report is to critically analyse the strategic issues being faced by an organization. The organization chosen for this task is the company Starbucks, which will be analysed using relevant concepts reviewed in the module using appropriate theory and models. The report structure would start with a brief introduction to the company Starbucks followed by the strategic issues faced by the firm. The issues are outlined before in the report based on the analysis which has been carried out using the above models. After discussing the current and recent issues facing Starbucks the company analysis would follow which would be supported with relevant theory and application of suitable models. After completing the industry analysis conclusion and recommendations would be provided for Starbucks to counter the strategic problems. The Starbucks Company was founded in Seattle in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Seigel with a vision to educate American consumers about the fine coffee drinking experience. In 1987 Howard Schultz took over the Starbucks Group, he wanted to create the Italian espresso bar experience in America by creating a personal relationship between the customers and their coffee. Just within a couple of years they grew from a small coffee business house to a multi-million dollar player in the industry by buying only the best coffee available and providing the people with an unmatched store experience. As standing, Starbucks is number one in the speciality coffee industry, with more than 12,000 shops in more than 35 countries. The Starbucks mission statement is To inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time. Freshly brewed coffee is the main product offered by Starbucks along with other drinks which include cold and hot teas, cakes and pastries. The Starbucks coffee comes in a many varieties each possessing a different taste, aroma and flavour. In addition to its extensive product offerings, Starbucks has many brands including; Starbucks Hear Music, Tazo Tea, Starbucks Entertainment, , Ethos Water, Torrefazione Italia coffee and Seattles Best Coffee. The successful management of all of these brands pulled together constitutes the Starbucks portfolio. Starbucks is also one of the most globally conscious corporations in the world.  Ã‚  In 2006 Starbucks donated $36.1 million in cash and products, volunteered 383,000 hours in local communities, required growers to use strict environmental guidelines, used 20% renewable energy in stores, and actively recycled in almost 80% of stores in US and Canada. Starbucks has established itself as the coffee leader in the world and has done so on a socially and environmentally conscious platform.   STRATEGIC ISSUES FACING STARBUCKS The major challenge that Starbucks is dealing with is the current financial crisis in the world economy forcing them to call closures of many stores around the world. Another challenge that Starbucks is dealing with is competitors. There are numerous coffee shops all over the world and being able to stand out to generate customers is important. Their main competitors are Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds, and Nestle in the US and brands like Costa Coffee and Caffà ¨ Nero in the UK, the two major markets for Starbucks. It is important that for Starbucks to know their competitors and what they are currently doing. Also Starbuck coffees are priced higher than other market competitors because of Starbucks only purchasing the highest quality coffee beans for their product, thus increasing the price of the drink giving the competitors a cost advantage over Starbucks. Also Starbucks inadequate marketing strategy on advertising is a hindrance in the business growth opportunities. They prefer to build the brand by promoting the drinks cup-by-cup with customers. The advertisement ends until they drink the coffee, reducing the chances to attract valuable customers. Starbucks also does not emphasize on distributing their products to supermarket because of being concerned with the quality of the coffee; if the coffees were packaged into plastic bags. Also the rigorous expansion strategy followed by Starbucks can take a toll on the firms brand image. As corporations grow there can be a tendency to focus too heavily on increasing output and locations, and less focus on quality and brand image. Starbucks needs to stay with its values and ideals that have made it successful. Also Starbucks policy of not franchising can be a cause of concern for the firm. Advantages of Starbucks franchising would be to open hundreds of new stores with less risk to the company, and make profits in doing so. In addition Starbucks would have less research and development costs because the franchisee would have greater knowledge of the local market in terms of demographics, psychographics, geographic, and local/state/country regulations. Consumption of coffee is not dependent on the price of the product but also on the differentiation between each product and several value adding variables such as the quality of customer services, brand, brand recognition and image of the company. Hence, Starbucks is not majorly sensitive to movements of other firms in this segment. 2. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS Starbuck is the world leader in its industry and has controlled access to distribution channels. Starbucks have exhibited this control over distribution channels by setting guidelines for their suppliers to follow. Starbucks is also constantly innovating and showing strong product differentiation to hamper the possibility of new entrants. However, the entry barrier for the industry is relatively low and any big firm where capital is not a problem could be a potential entrant. Some of the more current and on-going threats of new entrants include fast food chains such as McDonalds, Burger King and Dunkin Donuts which can become a major problem in the near future. 3. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS A big threat to Starbucks is the absence of switching costs in the speciality coffee industry, customers face no switching costs in switching from Starbucks to Costa Coffee or Caffà © Nero for a cup of coffee. Another threat to Starbucks is that their customers have the ability to brew their own coffee. Starbucks has tried to counter this threat by offering Preferred Office Coffee Providers as well as directions on how to make the perfect cup of Starbucks coffee at home, called the Four Fundamentals of Coffee. The perfect cup of Starbucks Coffee includes, of course, Starbucks ingredients! Also with new entrants and competitors such as McDonalds who claim to offer premium roast coffee of reasonable quality for lower price, it is clear that Starbucks customers have some bargaining power in the industry. 4. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS Coffee is the worlds second largest traded commodity. South and Central America produce the majority of coffee traded in the world. Starbucks depends upon both outside brokers and direct contact with exporters for the supply of premium coffee beans. The quality of coffee beans sought by Starbucks is very high, proving to be a potential threat to the company. Only suppliers who can meet Starbucks coffee standards will be able to supply the giant company. The supplying industry only has few firms which can deliver the quality giving them considerable bargaining powers. However, Starbucks counters this due to its massive size and being the primary buyer and also because of the importance of Starbucks business to any individual supplier as it would account for a large percentage of the total suppliers sales, thus reducing the bargaining power of suppliers. Starbucks has to effectively pursue a Focus-Based Strategy in conjunction with differentiation and a cost leadership based strategy. Being a lower cost store will increase the difference between Starbucks and provide it with a competitive edge. At present, Starbucks competitors are attempting to specialize in the coffee business, therefore Starbucks must pursue focus strategy to increase its strength. Starbucks must reduce their product price by producing a new product of coffee using cheaper beans or can come out with special discounts and promotions to reduce cost, thus increasing sales enabling Starbucks to enter new low cost markets and increase profitability. Also needs to focus on building alliances in new markets/countries to reduce management focus and benefit from the local and experience curves. Should focus on advertising the brand through internet services for users to access, do road shows, hand out brochures etc. so that consumers become more aware of the brands strong international presence and brand name. Market penetration and market development will help increase the sales. Access unexplored distribution channels like making available packaged Starbucks coffee for consumers by displaying it nationwide in various convenience and shopping stores and not only Starbucks stores. Starbucks must adopt twin policies of Product Development and Product-Market Diversification to counter the stiff competition in international markets. It is important to understand this in the product development phase as they would need to focus solely on making their existing products better. The company can demonstrate product and market diversification through research and development coupled with creativity and innovation. Product differentiation has proven an excellent defence against threats such as bargaining power of buyers. Developing new products will offset such potential risks. A strategy should be formulated to tackle the competition by entering into agreements, long-term contracts, with the food service companies that they are competing against. This way their coffee would be sold at these outlets and they would gain access to new markets and increase sales while decreasing competition. Starbucks should continue to be a first mover into markets with new products and ideas. Being a first mover of new products into new international markets will be an excellent way for Starbucks to build customer loyalty and uphold its image as an innovative company. Starbucks should continue to locate their operations in high traffic areas, high visibility areas. The company should continue to take excellent care in picking locations. It is extremely important that Starbucks international stores reflect uniqueness in their location and layout. Having locations in a variety of locations will ensure large market exposure.

Accident Investigation :: Essays Papers

Accident Investigation Aircraft Investigation Each mishap has their own characteristics and there is no substitute for good old-fashioned common sense and initiative. Each wrecked aircraft has it’s own story to tell if properly investigated. However Air Force guidelines are quick to point out that investigators in their eagerness seek out the causes, often ignore safe investigation practices and common safety precautions. Air Force Investigators are maybe in even more difficult position due to the hazards that are unique to the military war fighting machines, I’ll discuss a few of these hazards briefly before I get into the steps of Air Force accident investigations. Munitions Extreme care must be given to the munitions that may have been on board the aircraft. Just because the ammunition appears to be damaged beyond being dangerous the slightest amount of static electricity from clothing may detonate munitions. Before starting an investigation of any kind, obtain the list of munitions aboard and have the explosive ordinance disposal (EOD) team remove or inert them. Again eagerness must be controlled and situational awareness must be exercised to be on the lookout for those munitions that may not have been recovered. Also, though tedious, the locations of all munitions need to be noted, as they will hold clues as well. The ejection seats can also present extreme dangers to untrained and careless investigator. Toxins Hydrazine. It’s a word that strikes fear in all that are familiar with it. New generation aircraft such as the F-16 use hydrazine for emergency power supplies. It looks like a clear oily substance that smells like ammonia. Some of the effects hydrazine can have on the human body include: liver damage, blindness, skin burns, and prolong exposure may be fatal. Only base bioenvironmental engineers are qualified enough to properly handle it. Materials Also somewhat unique but is gradually finding its way into the commercial side of aviation is the use of high composite materials along with exotic metals used in the effort to not only strengthen, but to lighten the overall weight of the airframe. The composites used with most frequency today are boron, graphite and Kevlar. Each of these materials has their own characteristics and must be handled with care. While in its finished form Kevlar is very stable, boron and graphite must be handled with extreme care to avoid breathing in dust created when the structures become damaged. Boron fibers can pierce through skin and stay imbedded indefinitely and cannot be removed easily causing severe infections.